The course focus is represented by the diseases of the kidney, including mechanisms of disease, clinical presentation and clinical and functional correlations of kidney disease

Relevant focus is also on alterations of fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance.

The primary goal is to provide students with experience in the approach to the renal

patient. Students are exposed to a broad range of issues including acute and chronic kidney disease, fluid and electrolyte disorders, glomerular disease, end stage renal disease, modalities of dialysis and hypertension.

Students are expected to become familiar with the general approach to the renal patient and a

fundamental understanding of renal pathophysiology.

Frontal lessons

Lab skills on urinary tests.

Individual Presentation and Discussion of Cases

The student will present a focus-based detailed

history and physical examination to the attending nephrologist.

The case discussions center on the differential diagnosis, the pathophysiology involved, the

interpretation of examination findings, the interpretation of laboratory results and imaging studies. An attending nephrologist will  interacts with the patient and together with the student. For patients admitted to the Nephrology service, the

Student  will present the patient history and physical and develop and implement a diagnostic plan  in conjunction with the attending nephrologist.

Lab and image in nephrology

Fluid, electrolyte and acid-base alterations.

Mechanisms of kidney disease.

Clinical approach to the renal patient.

Glomerular disease.

The kidney in systemic diseases.

Urinary tract infection and pyelonephritis.

Tubulointerstitial nephritis.

ADPKD and hereditary kidney diseases.

Hypertension, cardiovascular disease and the kidney.

The kidney in pregnancy.

Acute kidney injury.

Chronic kidney disease.

Drug prescription in acute and chronic kidney disease.

The aging kidney.

Renal calculi.

Garibotto e Pontremoli: Manuale di Nefrologia, II edizione 2017, Minerva Medica

Harrison’s Internal Medicine, 2016.

Frontal lessons

Lab skills on urinary tests.

Individual Presentation and Discussion of Cases

The student will present a focus-based detailed

history and physical examination to the attending nephrologist.

The case discussions center on the differential diagnosis, the pathophysiology involved, the

interpretation of examination findings, the interpretation of laboratory results and imaging studies. An attending nephrologist will  interacts with the patient and together with the student. For patients admitted to the Nephrology service, the

Student  will present the patient history and physical and develop and implement a diagnostic plan  in conjunction with the attending nephrologist.

Oral exam.

The student will be able to apply basic knowledge of renal pathophysiology to the diagnostic and therapeutic process,to formulate a broad differential diagnosis

 And to acquire relevant clinical literature to

enhance direct patient care

The student will be able  to accurately interpret laboratory data, including urinary sediments.

The student will be able to Competently identify renal issues in outpatients and inpatients, including fluid and electrolyte disorders,

vasculitis, acute renal failure, glomerular disease,

hypertension (primary and secondary), chronic renal

insufficiency and end stage renal disease